Dubai, 14 August 2025 (Qahwa World) – Two major research efforts on opposite sides of the globe are redefining how iron — one of the most essential yet deficient nutrients worldwide — can be seamlessly integrated into coffee and other foods without altering their taste or quality.

A Global Health Problem

Around 2 billion people suffer from iron deficiency, which can lead to anemia, impaired brain development in children, reduced immunity, chronic fatigue, and higher infant mortality rates. Traditional food fortification programs have been successful but face persistent challenges: iron often reacts with food components, causing metallic flavors, reduced bioavailability, and degradation during storage or cooking.

MIT’s Breakthrough: Iron and Iodine in a Single Microparticle

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have developed metal–organic framework (MOF) microparticles — tiny crystalline cages made from iron and a food-safe ligand (fumaric acid) — capable of delivering iron without unwanted chemical interactions.

Particle size: 10–100 µm, small enough to disperse invisibly in food or drink without affecting texture.
Key innovation: MOFs prevent iron from reacting with polyphenols in coffee and tea — compounds that typically reduce iron absorption.
Dual fortification: The same particles, branded “NuMOFs,” can also carry iodine without either nutrient degrading, enabling “double-fortified” foods.
Adaptability: Platform can potentially deliver other nutrients like zinc, calcium, magnesium, or vitamin A.

Ana Jaklenec, principal investigator at MIT’s Koch Institute, said:

“We wanted a fortification approach that could be used globally without having to reformulate for each country’s staple foods — whether that’s bread, rice, coffee, or tea.”

The MOFs remain stable under long-term storage, high heat and humidity, and even boiling. They only release their payload when exposed to stomach acidity, ensuring maximum bioavailability.

In animal trials, both iron and iodine were detected in the bloodstream within hours of consumption, with radioactive iodine later localizing in the thyroid and clearing via the kidneys.

The research, led by postdoc Xin Yang and Dr. Linzixuan (Rhoda) Zhang, was published in Matter and partially funded by the J-WAFS Fellowships for Water and Food Solutions, with ongoing development supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Indian Study Identifies Optimal Iron Compounds for Coffee

Meanwhile, in India, a team from the CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI) in Mysuru systematically evaluated seven different iron compounds for fortifying Arabica coffee:

Ferric sodium EDTA (FSE) – Highest solubility (>90%), iron retention of 4.702 mg/100 mL brewed coffee, minimal interaction with coffee polyphenols, negligible flavor change.
Ferrous bisglycinate (FB) – Good solubility and sensory profile.
Ferrous sulfate (FS) and Ferrous gluconate (FG) – Acceptable results but lower iron retention.
Ferrous fumarate (FF) and Electrolytic iron (EI) – Stability issues and undesirable metallic or astringent flavors.
Ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) – Poor solubility and limited absorption potential.

Sensory testing confirmed that FSE-fortified coffee maintained desirable aroma, flavor, and mouthfeel, while chemical analyses (ATR-FTIR and GC–MS) showed minimal impact on key volatile compounds.

Lead author B.S. Yashwanth emphasized the public health potential:

“Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages globally. Choosing the right iron fortificant can turn it into a functional food that addresses micronutrient deficiencies without sacrificing consumer enjoyment.”

Commercial and Scientific Outlook

Color challenge: MOFs currently appear brown, and researchers are working to adapt the color for integration into light-colored foods like salt.
Cost control: For applications like double-fortified salt, the added cost must remain low to be viable in developing countries (e.g., salt sells for just $0.20–$1/kg).
Industry readiness: MIT’s team is launching a spin-off company to develop iron- and iodine-fortified coffee, tea, and other beverages, while the Indian research offers an immediate pathway for large-scale adoption of iron fortification in coffee production.

Experts suggest the combined insights from these two studies could pave the way for region-specific fortification strategies — using MOF-based delivery where dual micronutrient stability is key, and using optimized compounds like FSE for direct coffee fortification where production and consumer acceptance are priorities.

Bottom line: With billions still affected by iron deficiency, these innovations signal a new era where your morning coffee could do more than wake you up — it could help close one of the most persistent nutrition gaps in the world.

MIT coffee study

Iron-Fortified Coffee Breakthroughs Aim to Tackle Global Malnutrition Without Changing Taste