TIME Opens the File on the Complex Relationship Between the Brain and Coffee
Dubai – Qahwa World
TIME Magazine has launched an in-depth investigation exploring the complex relationship between the brain and coffee — and why that morning cup can sometimes calm, or just as easily, unsettle the mind.
While coffee remains a beloved ritual that energizes millions each day, the report examines why caffeine may trigger anxiety, restlessness, or a racing heart in some people. Drawing on insights from cardiologists, neuroscientists, and functional medicine experts, TIME unpacks how caffeine interacts with the nervous system and why individual responses differ so widely.
Within 15–45 minutes of consumption, caffeine enters the bloodstream and reaches the brain. There, it blocks adenosine receptors — the neural “brakes” that promote calmness and drowsiness. This triggers a rise in dopamine and norepinephrine, which boost alertness but, in higher doses, can raise blood pressure and activate brain regions responsible for threat perception — the same system involved in the stress response.
According to Dr. Amin Yehya, cardiologist at Sentara Health, “Caffeine stimulates the same hormonal pathways that activate during stress.” Dr. John Higgins from UTHealth Houston adds that the physical sensations of alertness can easily be confused with anxiety.
A 2023 study in Clinical Autonomic Research found that caffeine-induced arousal closely mirrors the physiological symptoms of anxiety, blurring the line between “focused” and “uneasy.”
Why Sensitivity Differs
Genetic variations explain much of this difference. Some people metabolize caffeine slowly due to specific gene variants, allowing its stimulating effects to last longer. “The same cup of coffee can feel completely different from one person to another,” says Dr. Higgins.
How Much Coffee Is Too Much?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends up to 400 mg per day — around two to three cups for most healthy adults. But Dr. Ajay Pillai of VCU Health warns that even smaller amounts can raise heart rate and blood pressure, especially among people under stress. “Be moderate and know the caffeine content in your favorite drinks,” advises Dr. Mohanakrishnan Sathyamoorthy of Texas Christian University.
Sleep, Stress, and Hormones
Sleep deprivation, chronic stress, and hormonal fluctuations amplify caffeine’s impact. Dr. Sogol Ash notes that when the body is already stressed, caffeine intensifies that reaction. Women who are pregnant or using hormonal contraceptives metabolize caffeine more slowly, extending its effects.
How to Enjoy Coffee Without Anxiety
Experts agree that there’s no need to give up coffee — moderation is key. Two to three cups a day are generally safe. Avoid drinking on an empty stomach, pair coffee with breakfast or milk, and steer clear of late-afternoon caffeine to protect sleep quality.
Dr. Higgins clarifies that cold brew isn’t stronger than hot brew once diluted properly. Kevin Woods of Brain.fm adds that the best time to drink coffee is mid-morning, when cortisol levels naturally dip.
When to Cut Back or See a Doctor
If moderate coffee intake still causes anxiety, palpitations, or insomnia, it may be time to reconsider your caffeine habits. Persistent symptoms might indicate underlying issues such as arrhythmia, thyroid imbalance, or an anxiety disorder.
As TIME’s report concludes: Caffeine isn’t the enemy — the key lies in understanding your body.
